Climate Change-Global Warming

Climate Change

What is the Greenhouse Effect?Greenhouse gases reflect gases back onto the earth and then reheats the earth back up. 

Effects of Global Warming-

• The effects of global warming have an average increase in temperatures/extreme temperatures
• Extreme weather events
• The melting of Ice
• The pollution in sea levels and the ocean acidification
• The deaths of animals and different types of species
• Social effects 

Here are the statistics on sea levels-

-The rising of sea levels.

-The meltings of glaciers have a 20% contribution to the rising of the sea 

-Greenland's ice sheet has contributed with percentage of 25%

-The Antarctic ice sheet has a contribution of 11%

-Our land water storage has a contribution of 10%

-The ocean thermal expansion has a contribution of 30%

What is the solution to climate change?

Some solutions could be-

-Exterminating the burnings of fossil fuels

-Irrigation demands

-Fertiliser use

-Size of land available for food crops

-Cost of food for human consumption

-Pesticide use

-Deforestation required to make space for crops

-Renewable form of energy 

Extracting DNA from a kiwifruit

What was the aim of this experiment?
The aim of this experiment was to extract kiwi fruit deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA).

What method and equipment did we use?
The equipment we used were, spatula, dishwashing liquid, ethanol, funnel, cloth, water, beaker, salt, bag & a kiwifruit.

-We got the equipment
-Cut a kiwifruit in half
-Take the kiwifruit out of the skin and put it into a zip lock bag
-Add 25ml of water and a pinch of salt
-Mush until it becomes a thick soup-like

(image taken from google)

The Rock Cycle

The Rock Cycle.

In class, we have been learning about the rock cycle and what type of rocks there are and how they have formed over time. We have also learned where you can find these rocks.

Here is a photo of my map on the Earth's plates and where the lines are.

Research Task-Volcanoes/Mauna Loa (UPDATED-results BELOW!)

Volcanoes

How do volcanoes form?

Volcanoes can be formed when magma pushes up through the earth's surface between cracks in tectonic boundaries. Another way could be when magma chambers begin opening up beneath the earth's surface, pushing magma through forming volcanoes.

Where are volcanoes most likely to form?

Volcanoes are only able to form where one tectonic plate sinks into the earth's mantle underneath another tectonic plate. 

What volcano am I focussing on?

The volcano I am researching is Mauna Loa.

The latest eruption from this volcano was the 15th of April 1984.

The amount of damage that was caused, wasn't that bad, there was no one injured due to the eruption, but it did cover 16 miles worth of land owned by the state.

Facts.

It has been 30 years since the last eruption from Mauna Loa recking 4.5 miles of Hilo, and the eruption lasted from March the 25th to April the 15th.

Mauna Loa has caused around 77 deaths in an eruption during 1846, 46 died due to a volcanic tsunami, and 31 from volcanic mudflows.

The area of the volcano is 5,271km².

This volcano is located in Hawaii in the Pacific Ocean.

It is known for being the worlds largest volcano in both volume and mass, dwarfed only by the Tamu Massif which is located East of Japan.

Here are some photos of The Mauna Loa:

The explosion:

Ingredients:
-(4 science spatulas) of Potassium Iodide
-20ml of Hydrogen peroxide (35%)
-A squirt of dishwashing liquid
-20ml water
-Food colouring.

We have finally created our volcanoes here is my video and some photos of it before and after.

-Before

-After

-Our lil explosion

Electricity and Magnetism.

Today I will be doing a blog post on what electricity is and what metals are magnetic and how magnets work.

What is electricity?

Electricity is the flow of electrons as a current.
How an electrical circuit is usually made.
The electrical componants and pieces of wire are linked together in a circuit/circular motion and electrons cannot flow through this circuit if it is either open or uncomplete.  
What is a conductor?
A conductor of electricity is a substance that allows the flow of electrons through it, for example, copper, steel and iron are all conductors.
What is a insulator?
An electrical insulator could be anything which does not allow the flow of electricity through it, here are 4 examples of insulators that does not allow electricity through it, wood, rubber, plastic and glass.
Batteries;
Two common things you would inside of a battery would be metals and a chemical paste.
Why do batteries go flat?
When the battery goes flat it is because the metal or chemical paste has run out.
What is a term to describe devices, such as light bulbs that use electricity to work?
A load is a device that uses electricity to work.
What happens to a bulb when the wire inside, burns out?
The electrons have stopped flowing and the wire begins to shut down.
What happens to a bulb when electricity flows through it?
The electrons start flowing through a tiny wire and then that wire begins to get hot and begins to glow.

Corrosion

Aim-
To investigate the factors that cause rusting in iron.

Equipment-
-Six test tubes
-Test tube rack
-A bung
-Six iron nails
-Boiled water
-Tap water
-Saltwater
-Cooking oil
-Calcium chloride
-Nail polish
-Magnesium

Method-
-Label six test tubes A-D and place in a test tube rack
-Test tube contents: A=Iron nail and tap water
                                B=Iron nail and salty water
                                C=Iron nail, boiled water, oil
                                D=Iron nail and calcium chloride, sealed with a bung
                                E=Iron nail and nail polish (thin layer)
                                F=Iron nail and a magnesium piece wrapped around the nail.

Observations-
All the nails that had contact with liquids had begun to rust and the one with calcium chloride sealed with a bung, did not rust.

Metal Carbonates and Acid

When a metal carbonate reats with an acid it will form a salt, carbon dioxide and water. Carbon dioxide is a gas and can be seen as bubbles as the reactions proceeds.

Aim-
-To show that carbon dioxide gas is produced when a metal carbonate reacts with acid.

Equipment-
-Two boiling tubes
-Delivery tube and bung
-Bunsen burner
-Test tube rack
-Wooden splint
-Bottle of acid
-Small amount of metal carbonate
-Test tube tongs
-Safety glasses

Method-
-Light your bunsen burner
-Add a 'pea-sized' amount of the metal carbonate into one of the boiling tubes
-Place this boiling tube into a test tube rack. Ensure you have the bung and delivery tube ready
-Add 5 ml of acid to the boiling tube and quickly insert the bung and delivery tube into the mouth of the boiling tube
-Holding the other boiling tube with your tongs, capture the gas produced.

Observation- 
When the lit splint was inserted into the mouth of the test tube, the splint flame went out straight away because it was in carbon dioxide. Also it then produced smoke.

Metals and Oxygen

When a metal reacts with oxygen it produces a metal oxide.
-When a substance burns, the burning process is actually a reaction with oxygen. So when you burn something, you are adding oxygen to it.

Aim-
-To make a metal oxide and observe the difference in properties of the product compared to the reactants.

Equipment-
-A magnesium piece
-Bunsen burner
-Safety glasses
-Metal scissor tongs

Method-
-Ignite the bunsen burner
-Hold your magnesium piece with the scissor tongs over the flame, (blue flame)
-Do not look directly at the piece when it happens because the light is bright enough to damage your eyesights.

Observations-
When the magnesium was held over the flame, it began to turn as bright as a light, then it burns off into ash.

Making salt (2)

Aim-
The aim is to produce copper sulfate salt by reacting copper oxide with an acid.

Method-
-Add 20ml of sulfuric acid to a 100ml beaker. Heat the acid until it reaches 70°C. Turn off your bunsen burner.
- Once heated, use your spatula to add pea-sized portions of copper oxide to the beaker. Stir the mixture for 30 seconds.
- Repeat step 2 until no more will dissolve. Allow the beaker to cool
- Fold the filter paper and place it in the funnel. Place the filter funnel into the second beaker.
- Make sure the beaker is cool enough to hold at the top. The contents should still be hot. You may need your teacher to complete this step.
- Gently swirl the contents of the beaker to mix, and then pour into the filter paper in the funnel. Allow filtering through.
- Rinse the beaker you used to heat the mixture previously, and place it back on top of your tripod filled with 50-60ml of water.
-Place the evaporating basin on top of the beaker and carefully pour some of the solutions from the beaker into the evaporating basin.
- Gently heat the beaker until the solution in the evaporating basin has reduced by half.
-Leave the evaporating basin to cool. Once cool, move the evaporating basin to a warm place where it will not be disturbed (i.e. a window-sill) and observe over the next few days. Blue copper sulfate crystals should form.

Equipment-
-100mL beaker x2
- Copper Oxide Powder
-Dilute Sulfuric acid
-50 mL measuring cylinder
-Tripod
-Bunsen Burner
-Filter paper
-Funnel
-Gauze mat
-Thermometer
-Spatula
-Evaporating basin
-Stirring Rod

Here is a photo of what me and my mate Memory have created.

How to create a model atom.

Heres how to make a model atom using school items.

The equipment you'll need for this are-
- Tape
- Paper (Any size)
- Beads ( 3 different colours)
- Blue Tac
- String (30cm preferably, but doesn't matter)
- Any item you can draw with (to draw the electrons)

Method-
- Choose any type of element you want to do from 1-7 on the periodic table
- Get the right amount of beads with different colours representing the Neutrons & Protons)
- Attach the neutrons and proton beads to the blue tac (the right amount to what element you chose)
- Attach ^ that to the string (you can do this anyway, just make sure they stay attached)
- Get your piece of paper, cut two doughnut-shaped  (KNOWN AS THE OUTER SHELL) pieces out, one big and one small enough to fit inside the big one.
- Draw how many electrons you need to in each circle for example, in the small circle of Be-Beryllium would need 2 and 2 in the bigger one.
- Tape your string that is attached to your beads, to the outer shells at the right height so your beads hang in the middle of the smaller shell.
- Cut a square piece of paper out and write your elements chemical symbol, the atomic number and mass number, just like you would see on the periodic table.

What are the 3 main particles in an atom? 
As written above the 3 main particles in an atom are
- Protons
- Neutrons
- Electrons

Electrons are found in the Outer shells also known as orbitals that surround the nucleus of an atom, protons and neutrons are found in the centre of the orbitals (middle of the atom). These 3 particles are so small that the human eye cannot possibly see them, a microscope can also not see the particles.



The element I chose to do was C-Carbon
Here is a picture of my model atom I created and some models my class have created

Nobel Prize Winner Denis Mukwege Mukengere

Who is Denis Mukwege?

Denis Mukwege is the founder a hospital Named Panzi and is located in Bukavu. He is also known to work there. He Specializes in the treatment of woman who have been raped or sexually harassed from "armed rebels".

What did he do?

He is known for trying to end sexual abuse/harassment as a weapon of war and armed conflicts.

Why did he win the 'Nobel Prize Winner' Award?

He won the award for trying to end sexual harassment/violence in 2018 along with a woman named Nadia Murad.

Fun facts-

- He was born the 1st of March 1955

- Aged 64 years

- He achieve the award in 2018 

- He is Norwegian

- He is on a movie named 'City Of Joy'

-All the awards he achieved to get are- Nobel Peace Prize, Sakharov Prize, Olof Palme Prize, Seoul Peace Prize, Freedom from Want Award, United Nations Prize in the field of Human Rights, Wallenberg Medal, Right Livelihood Award & King Baudouin African Development Prize.

 

Heart Attacks

 Heart Attacks

What is it?
A heart attack is when someones blood plaque in their heart has broken/ruptured and starts to create a blockage, creating a blood clot, blocking your arteries, causing a heart attack. Also whilst having a heart attack it can mean your tissues in your heart starts to slowly die.

How to prevent a Heart Attack?
To prevent a heart attack you made need to:

- Watch your health and weight
- Start looking after your diet
- Try to not stress too much/Reducing your stress
- Try staying away from smoking or drinking
- Try being physically active as much as you can/Everyday
- Get your high blood cholesterol and high blood pressure under control.

Treatment:
Treatment you could get towards it could be 

- Aspirin
- Thrombolytic
- Anti-platelet
- Pain relievers
- Nitroglycerin
- Beta Blockers

And so on but make sure to get a prescription from your doctor first, or talk to your doctor about it.

Symptoms:
If you think you are having a heart attack check for these symptoms-

- Pressure against your chest or your chest may be feeling tight.
- Heart burn
- Nausea
- Abdominal pain
- Indigestion
- Shortness of your breath
- A chilling kind of sweat
- Being fatigue
- Being suddenly dizzy

- Being light headed.

Arthritis

What is Arthritis?

Arthritis is another way of saying joint pains or a joint disease, there are also around 100 different types of Arthritis and any relative conditions. Anybody can have arthritis (Children, Adult, sexes, ages, races) etc, it is also the leading cause of most disabilities in America, around 300,000 children and 50 million adults have some type of Arthritis. It can be for all ages but is commonly known to be on older ages and in woman. 

What are the symptoms of Arthritis?

Symptoms of arthritis are, Stiffness, pain, burning sensation in the area, & swelling, these symptoms can come at random times, and can either be a mild pain or a very severe. Arthritis can also be able to cause permanent joint changes in the area it effects you.

Where is Arthritis found in the body?

Arthritis is found in areas where there are joints, so would be in places like,  your elbow, shoulder, feet, fingers, back bone/spine, neck, hips, knees, wrists, hands, heel & toes.